Mathematical entities, in physics, are used to represent the ontology of theories. But there is a distinction between mathematical entities and physical entities which mathematics refers to, and ignoring this distinction leads to strange and false conclusions. This paper aims to realize, in a realistic interpretation, what the wavefunction, as a mathematical entity, refers to. . It is emphasized that the confusion of the wave function as a mathematical element with the physical state leads to a strange conclusion that the dimensions of the physical space are in direct correspondence with the mathematical dimensions, or the configuration space is a real physical space. Moreover, It is suggested, that determination of the ontological status of the wave function needs a theory to connect and explain the relation between local beables and quantum state.

In this research, firstly, the structure of a double-layer phosphorene nanoribbon is introduced. Then, for the simplified structure of this system in the presence of a void, the substituted wave function which has a topological origin is analyzed analytically and the analytical results are compared with the numerical method. The Landauer-Buttiker approach is used in the numerical calculation of the substituted probability density (LDOS). Finally, for bilayer phosphorene, by considering more parameters, the wave function and the energy of the substituted state in the presence of a vacancy have been reported numerically.

We describe how to obtain electronic transport properties of disordered graphene, including the tight binding model and nearest neighbor hopping. We present a new method for computing, electronic transport wave function and Greens function of the disordered Graphene. In this method, based on the small rectangular approximation, break up the potential barriers in to small parts. Then using the finite difference method, the Dirac equations of disordered graphene, reduce to the discrete matrix equation. The discrete matrix equation is solved by direct and Green’s function methods. In this method, geometry of disorder plays an important role. This method allows for an amenable inclusion of several disorder mechanisms at the microscopic level. The effect of impurity on the transmission probability and conductivity are obtained, using the electronic transport wave function. The results show that, for the conductance, geometry plays an important role. In addition, by transmission probability and using Landau formula, the Fano factor is investigated.

In this research, we study the gravitational reduction of the wave function, which has been investigated in standard quantum mechanics. As a new look at the problem, we investigate the reduction of the wave function by studying the dynamics of the particle motion, which can be defined in the quantum Bohmian framework. In this regard, quantities such as the critical mass of reduction, reduction time, and reduction temperature, which are similar to the Unruh temperature, are systematically obtained.

waves propagation is one of the issues which is considered in defense industry, construction and passive defense. Among the various sources of waves, the explosion is an important factor. After explosion, considerable energy is released in a short time. This energy is emitted into the environment as seismic waves and vibrates the particles in the environment and after that, energy absorption in the environment eventually lead to the weakening of wave propagation and finally wave attenuation. In this paper, at first, the analytical solution of two-dimensional wave equation with a source of shock and boundary value using the Green's function method is discussed and then the analysis of explosion process is done by using the Finite Difference Time-Domain Method. The analysis conducted in this paper examine the effect of distance and weight of the explosive.